A semiconductor is a material that has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity generally falls as its temperature rises; metals behave in the opposite way. In many cases their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. When two differently doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. The behavior of charge carriers, which include electrons, ions, and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors, and most modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called "metalloid staircase" on the periodic table. After silicon, gallium arsenide is the second-most common semiconductor and is used in laser diodes, solar cells, microwave-frequency integrated circuits, and others. Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits.

अर्धचालक (semiconductor) उन पदार्थों को कहते हैं जिनकी विद्युत चालकता चालकों (जैसे ताँबा) से कम किन्तु अचालकों (जैसे काच) से अधिक होती है। (आपेक्षिक प्रतिरोध प्रायः 10^-5 से 10⁸ ओम-मीटर के बीच) सिलिकॉन, जर्मेनियम, कैडमियम सल्फाइड, गैलियम आर्सेनाइड इत्यादि अर्धचालक पदार्थों के कुछ उदाहरण हैं। अर्धचालकों में चालन बैण्ड और संयोजक बैण्ड के बीच एक 'बैण्ड गैप' होता है जिसका मान ० से ६ एलेक्ट्रान-वोल्ट के बीच होता है। (Ge 0.7 eV, Si 1.1 eV, GaAs 1.4 eV, GaN 3.4 eV, AlN 6.2 eV).