Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics, and more particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, the development of the computer that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water.

ऋतुविज्ञान या मौसम विज्ञान कई विधाओं को समेटे हुए विज्ञान है जो वायुमण्डल का अध्ययन करता है। मौसम विज्ञान में मौसम की प्रक्रिया एवं मौसम का पूर्वानुमान अध्ययन के केन्द्रबिन्दु होते हैं। मौसम विज्ञान का इतिहास हजारों वर्ष पुराना है किन्तु अट्ठारहवीं शती तक इसमें खास प्रगति नहीं हो सकी थी। उन्नीसवीं शती में विभिन्न देशों में